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Starting from puberty, each month a woman’s body goes through multiple changes to prepare for a possible pregnancy. This series of synchronized hormone–driven changes is called the menstrual cycle.
During each menstrual cycle, the ovary releases the mature oocyte that is caught by the Fimbriae (mobile fingerlike projections at the end of the fallopian tubes which capture the released oocyte from the surface of the ovary) and guided to the site of fertilization.
The uterus develops a thicker lining called endometrium every time the new cycle is powered up. If a pregnancy doesn’t occur, the uterine lining with unfertilized oocyte sheds during a menstrual period. Then the cycle restarts again and again on monthly basis.
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Each menstrual cycle consists of several phases, or stages, that the female body must go through to prepare for the possible pregnancy each month. Hormone fluctuations are responsible for transitioning the female body from one stage to the next.
The menstrual cycle is divided into four phases:
Menstrual phase
The menstrual phase is the first stage of your menstrual cycle. It’s also when you get your period. This phase starts if an oocyte released in the previous cycle hasn’t been fertilized by the spermatozoon. It seems a pregnancy won’t occur during that cycle.
After the ovulation, the released oocyte is caught by the Fimbriae and guided to the site of fertilization —the ampulla (the round circular vessel that curves over the ovary), the longest and expanded area of the fallopian tube where fertilization normally occurs.
Usually, only one oocyte is released from the dominant follicle during the single ovulation ‘session’. But sometimes, the ovarian follicles may release more than one oocyte within 24 hours of each other.
The oocyte stays alive in the Fallopian Tube 12–48 hours after its release, but it is available for fertilization for around less than 24 hours. Sometimes, a released oocyte lives 12 hours only, so, its fertilization time also declines to 12 hours.
If the oocyte is not fertilized during this time, it dies (disintegrates), and in another week or so, a new cycle of Oocyte Maturation will start. The levels of the estrogen and progesterone hormones drop significantly. Diminished hormonal levels indicate that the pregnancy won’t occur during that cycle and power up the stop–mode for developing the uterine lining (endometrium). The thickened lining of your uterus, which is vital for fertilized oocyte (zygote) implantation and pregnancy, is no longer needed if conception hasn’t occurred, so it sheds out.
The dead non–fertilized oocyte moves in the Fallopian Tube into the Uterus from where it will be released with blood, mucus, and the uterine lining tissue during the period. This cyclic uterine lining shedding is known as menstrual flow.
The duration of the menstrual cycle varies from person to person and occurs every 21 to 30–32 days. Most women are in the menstrual phase of their cycle for 3 to 7 days. Some women have shorter or longer periods than others.
Follicular phase
The follicular phase also starts on the first day of the period (day 0) and lasts until the beginning of ovulation (day 14). It can range from 11 to 27 days, depending on your cycle. This phase ends when you ovulate.
It starts when the hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland to release Follicle–Stimulating Hormone (FSH). This hormone stimulates the ovaries to produce several tiny sacs filled with follicular fluid designed for completing oocyte development called the antral follicles from each ovary. So, the ovaries are also the ‘senior architects’ and ‘back–end DevOps’ for the ovarian follicles.
Each follicle contains an immature oocyte, granulosa cells surrounding it, and some follicular fluid. Follicles are differed by their sizes. There are tiny follicular cohorts, the medium–sized, and the dominant ones. These follicles will grow with increasing oocyte size and complete the maturation. But only one dominant follicle — the Graafian follicle will go through ovulation during that cycle.
Size matters. Very small antral follicles show a significant number of poor–quality oocytes and vs: the medium–sized antral follicles show better–quality oocytes, and the dominant follicles show the top–quality ones.
Selection of the One, yuy, sometimes, two follicles with brilliant configuration is driven by the fluctuation of your hormonal levels. The mid–follicular phase starts from increasing the levels of estradiol and inhibin B produced by the ovarian follicles in response to increased FSH levels. This hormonal tandem (estradiol and inhibin B) forces the levels of FSH hormone to decrease causing negative feedback.
This negative feedback happens during the timeline when the selection of the dominant follicle intended for ovulation takes place and indicates this event. The follicle selected for ovulation is called the dominant follicle or Graafian follicle.
Think you know all about Graafian follicle? Think Deeper. The dominant follicles contain the top–quality oocytes, but your reproductive system will select the one Graafian follicle with ultra–top–quality oocyte inside it, and complete its maturation.
2 Graafian follicles and 2 mature oocytes released in 1 cycle? Yuy, it is possible. Sometimes, you will have two Graafian follicles with one ultra–top–quality oocyte inside each. In such cycles, you will have two brilliantly preconfigured oocytes generated by your reproductive system. Sounds amusing, doesn’t it?
Estrogen request. The maturing follicle ‘transmits a request’ for producing extra estrogen to thicken the lining of your uterus (endometrium) preparing it for the possible pregnancy. Your body releases extra estrogen every time it ‘accepts the follicular request’.
Endometrial lining. The endometrial lining is a nutrient–rich texture for a fertilized oocyte to attach to. Its thickness varies from cycle to cycle, so, it can be very thin (2 mm) or extremely thick (approaching or exceeding 20mm).
At the beginning of the cycle, during menstruation, a normal endometrial lining thickness is 2–4 mm. Starting from Day 6 (day 6 to day 14 in the early proliferative phase), your endometrial lining thickness is 5–7 mm.
As the cycle progresses and moves towards ovulation event, in the late proliferative (preovulatory phase), your endometrium lining grows thicker up to 10–11 mm. And in the secretory phase (day 14 to day 28) your uterine lining thickness is 7–16 mm.
About 14 days into your cycle, hormones trigger the release of an oocyte called ovulation. During this secretory phase, endometrial thickness is at its greatest and can reach even 16 mm.
The oocyte will eventually break free from the ovarian follicle and travel down the fallopian tube reaching the site of fertilization and continuing post–fertilization traveling through the fallopian tube reaching the uterus. Being inside the Fallopian Tube, it will be available for fertilization 12–48 hours after its release. Non–fertilized oocyte will die.
Ovulation phase
The ovulation phase is the only timeframe in your menstrual cycle when you can conceive. Ovulation happens at around day 14 if you have a 28–day cycle, and around day 12 if you have a 24–day cycle, — right in the middle of your menstrual cycle.
The follicular phase involves the release of extra estrogen to build up the uterine lining for the potential early embryo (zygote) implantation. The closer the ovulation phase is, the more estrogen is released, and the thicker the endometrium lining texture is.
Rising estrogen levels during the follicular phase trigger your pituitary gland to release Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The release of the oocyte from the ovarian Graafian follicle happens 24 hours later (10–12 hours after LH peaks). This event is called ovulation.
Usually, the one mature oocyte is released per one cycle. But sometimes, the system generates two mature oocytes, and the second oocyte is also released during the same cycle after the first one.
The released oocyte is caught by the Fimbriae and guided to the site of fertilization — the ampulla (the round circular vessel that curves over the ovary), the longest and expanded area of the fallopian tube where fertilization normally occurs.
The most common ovulation symptoms are:
You can track your whole cycle and what is happening with you and your hormones by using the Digital Ovulation Predictor Kit that standardly includes the Digital Ovulation Fertility Analyzer, disposable single–use urine test wands, and the other essentials.
Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, and it doesn’t always occur, even if you ovulate successfully, and the oocyte release session was successful. Sometimes the sperm cells cannot penetrate the oocyte’s top layer and drill through the inner envelope.
If the oocyte doesn’t become fertilized by spermatozoon in a given menstrual cycle, it disintegrates. Hormonal management ‘transmits’ a signal to your body to shed the uterine lining in a menstrual period that lasts between two and seven days. The dead oocyte will simply move down the fallopian tube, through the uterus, and out with a menstrual flow.
The natural fertilization session involves the oocyte and the sperm cells. Only one spermatozoon will penetrate the oocyte’s envelope, and the magic happens — fertilized oocyte (zygote) will continue its journey through the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it will try to launch the successful embryo implantation session.
Luteal phase
After the Graafian follicle releases its oocyte, it changes into the new structure called corpus luteum. It releases hormones, mostly progesterone and some estrogen. The rise in hormones keeps your uterine lining thick and ready for a fertilized oocyte to implant.
If you do get pregnant, your body will produce human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). This is the hormone early pregnancy blood and urine tests detect. It helps maintain the corpus luteum and keeps the uterine lining thick for the embryo to grow.
If you don’t get pregnant, the corpus luteum will shrink away and be resorbed. This leads to decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone, which causes the onset of your menstrual period. The uterine lining will shed during your period.
During this phase, if you don’t get pregnant, you may experience symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS):
The luteal phase lasts for 11 to 17 days, depending on your cycle.